Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral infection first described in the 18th century.
The illness is usually mild in children, causing a short-lived rash and fever. However, in some cases, Rubella can affect pregnancy and spread to the unborn child, potentially leading to birth defects. The virus spreads through coughing, sneezing, or touching shared surfaces, so it is important to take simple precautions.
Understanding Rubella can help you make informed choices, as symptoms can be mild or even unnoticeable. Thankfully, a safe and widely available vaccine can prevent cases, offering peace of mind.
This guide explains Rubella’s causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment. Let’s understand the facts together to keep your little one safe and healthy.
What is Rubella (German Measles)?
Rubella, also called three-day measles, is a contagious viral infection. It is usually mild in children and causes a pinkish-red rash that starts on the face and spreads downward.
If you get Rubella during pregnancy, the virus may pass to the baby and cause Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) [1], especially in the first trimester. CRS may lead to hearing, vision, heart, and brain problems in newborns. It can also cause low birth weight, developmental delays, and stillbirth. While this is rare, early awareness and vaccination can help protect the mother and baby.
Are Rubella and Measles the same?
No, Rubella is not the same as measles. Different viruses cause them. While both cause a rash, Rubella is usually milder and less contagious than measles. It lasts about three days.
Causes of Rubella
Rubella spreads easily from person to person. If someone with rubella coughs, sneezes, or touches shared surfaces, the virus can pass to you or your child. A person is contagious for about a week before the rash appears and another week after it fades—often before they even realise they have rubella.
If you’re pregnant, the virus can pass to your baby, so getting vaccinated is an important way to protect you and your little one.
Rubella is now rare in many countries because most children receive vaccines at an early age. However, the virus is still active in some parts of the world. If you’re pregnant or planning to travel, it’s important to be aware of this risk.
Once you’ve had rubella, you usually gain lifelong immunity, meaning you’re unlikely to get it again.
Symptoms of Rubella
Rubella symptoms can be mild, making them hard to notice, especially in children. Symptoms usually appear 14-21 days after exposure to the virus. The illness lasts for 1 to 5 days and may include:
- Headache
- Stuffy or runny nose
- Aching joints, especially in young women
- Red, itchy, or swollen eyes (Conjunctivitis)
- Cough, sore throat, and general discomfort
- A mild fever (37.2°C to 38.9°C or 99°F to 102°F)
- A fine pink rash that starts on the face spreads to the body and fades in the same order
- Tender, swollen lymph nodes behind the ears, at the back of the neck, and the base of the skull
The rash is the most noticeable German measles symptom, but other signs may appear first. If you suspect Rubella, keep your child comfortable and consult a paediatrician for guidance.
Rubella Prevention
The MMR vaccine (measles-mumps-rubella) is the best way to protect against rubella. It is usually given in two doses:
- First dose at 9 months
- Booster dose at 15-18 months and 4 to 6 years before school entry
Some versions of this vaccine include protection against chickenpox (MMRV vaccine).
Babies born to immune mothers usually have protection for 6 to 8 months after birth. If a baby needs earlier protection, such as for international travel, the vaccine can be given at 6 months. However, regular doses will still be needed later.
Checking your immunity can provide extra reassurance if you plan to have a baby. Doctors recommend getting vaccinated at least one month before conception and waiting one month before becoming pregnant to ensure the vaccine has time to work. This simple step can help protect you and your baby from Rubella.
Aside from vaccination, you can take simple precautions to reduce the risk of rubella:
- Wash your hands regularly.
- Avoid sharing cups or utensils.
- Cover your mouth when sneezing or coughing.
- Be aware of Rubella risks if traveling to areas where the virus is still active.
These steps may help lower the chances of infection, especially during pregnancy. If you have any concerns, a healthcare provider can offer guidance based on your needs.
Rubella Treatment
Rubella usually improves on its own without the need for specific medicine. While there isn’t a cure for Rubella, your healthcare provider may suggest avoiding others to prevent the virus from spreading.
You can manage Rubella symptoms at home with over-the-counter medications like paracetamol or cough and cold medicines. However, it’s important to consult your healthcare provider about the best treatment options for you and your baby. If your child has Rubella, always check with their paediatrician before giving any medications.)
Most of the time, Rubella causes mild symptoms and can be handled at home. But if you have concerns about complications or the spread of the virus, don’t hesitate to reach out to BabyMD’s expert paediatrician for advice from an expert.
Conclusion
Rubella infection is typically mild in children but can have serious implications for pregnant women and babies. While symptoms like rash, fever, and swollen lymph nodes are common, they can be subtle, making Rubella harder to diagnose early.
Experts widely recommend the MMR vaccine to protect against Rubella. However, some parents may consider alternative protection methods or check their immunity before pregnancy. Rubella treatment mainly focuses on symptom relief, with no specific cure available. If you have concerns about Rubella, especially during pregnancy, consult a healthcare provider for expert advice.
For further guidance and to protect your child’s health, book an appointment with BabyMD today!
References
[1] Burden of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in India: A systematic review
